Schema documentation for the linked-rolls piano roll edition format. The vocabulary behind it is the Roll Edition Ontology with its type vocabulary.
The root element of this format is an Edition, describing a specific digital edition of a piano roll (cf. lrmoo:F2 Expression). It consists of the following properties:
The physical roll copies on which this edition is based.
No Additional ItemsEach item of this array must be:
A physical copy of a roll, held at a specific location. Each roll copy has its own set of features, measurements, conditions, and modifications. Multiple copies of the same roll may exist across different archives or collections.
Condition assessments of this roll copy (e.g. paper stretch, general wear). Each condition is an assumption annotatable with a belief.
Each item of this array must be:
An assignment of a condition (general or paper-stretch) to a roll copy, annotatable with a belief about its certainty.
An optional annotation expressing a belief about this assumption. Uses the JSON-LD-star @annotation mechanism to attach epistemic metadata (certainty and reasons) to any triple.
The belief held about the annotated statement.
The level of certainty associated with this belief.
The argumentations providing reasons for this belief.
Each item of this array must be:
An argumentation can be either a plain argumentation, a meaning comprehension, an inference, or a belief adoption.
A meaning comprehension interprets or disambiguates the meaning of symbols or features. For example, interpreting a pencil mark as an instruction to add or remove a perforation or as the dating of the roll.
The person who carried out this activity.
The role of the agent in the context of the edition.
Authority records for the same thing: GND, Wikidata, geonames or similar.
No Additional ItemsEach item of this array must be:
"https://d-nb.info/gnd/116888652"
A unique identifier for this object.
References (by @id) to the symbols or features whose meaning is being interpreted.
Each item of this array must be:
The type discriminator for this object.
Specific value:"meaningComprehension"
An inference draws a conclusion from given premises.
The person who carried out this activity.
References (by @id) to the beliefs or facts from which the conclusion is drawn.
Each item of this array must be:
The type discriminator for this object.
Specific value:"inference"
A belief adoption adopts someone else's belief. This type is used to indicate e.g. knowledge through private communication or from secondary literature.
The person who carried out this activity.
A note describing the source of the adopted belief, e.g. a bibliographic reference or personal communication.
The type discriminator for this object.
Specific value:"beliefAdoption"
An argumentation provides reasons for a belief and may be associated with a person carrying out that argumentation.
The person who carried out this activity.
The type discriminator for this object.
Specific value:"simpleArgumentation"
A unique identifier for this object.
The type discriminator for this object.
Specific value:"belief"
A unique identifier for this object.
The kind of condition, from the list the roll or the kind of feature allows.
"general"
A free-text description of the condition, providing details beyond the type classification.
An optional annotation expressing a belief about this assumption. Uses the JSON-LD-star @annotation mechanism to attach epistemic metadata (certainty and reasons) to any triple.
The belief held about the annotated statement.
A unique identifier for this object.
The kind of condition, from the list the roll or the kind of feature allows.
"paper-stretch"
A free-text description of the condition, providing details beyond the type classification.
The stretch factor, e.g. 1.02 means the paper has stretched by 2% compared to its original dimensions.
The physical features found on this copy, with shift and stretch already applied when ops says so.
Each item of this array must be:
The union of all physical feature types that can appear on a roll: holes (perforations), writings (labels, annotations), marks (pencil, ink), and glued-on patches (paper, tape).
A hole (perforation) in the roll paper. Holes are the primary carriers of musical information on piano rolls, as they trigger notes and expression controls when passing over the tracker bar.
This can be used e.g. to indicate a perforation which is torn out or in any other way damaged.
An optional annotation expressing a belief about this assumption. Uses the JSON-LD-star @annotation mechanism to attach epistemic metadata (certainty and reasons) to any triple.
The belief held about the annotated statement.
A unique identifier for this object.
The kind of condition, from the list the roll or the kind of feature allows.
A free-text description of the condition, providing details beyond the type classification.
IIIF region pointing to a depiction of this feature in the scan.
The punching pattern of the hole. Regular holes have evenly-spaced bridges, accelerating holes have decreasing bridge widths, and staggering holes do not align in rows across the tracks, the mark of an asynchronous perforator with a separate driver for each punch (Phillips 2016, p. 112).
A unique identifier for this object.
A piece of writing found on the roll, such as a label, catalogue number, or annotation. Writings have a method of production and a transcription of their content.
This can be used e.g. to indicate a perforation which is torn out or in any other way damaged.
An optional annotation expressing a belief about this assumption. Uses the JSON-LD-star @annotation mechanism to attach epistemic metadata (certainty and reasons) to any triple.
The belief held about the annotated statement.
A unique identifier for this object.
The kind of condition, from the list the roll or the kind of feature allows.
A free-text description of the condition, providing details beyond the type classification.
IIIF region pointing to a depiction of this feature in the scan.
Horizontal span of the feature on the roll.
The method by which this writing was produced (e.g. through print, handwriting, or stamping).
A transcription of the text content of the writing. This is an object assumption so that the transcription can be annotated with a belief about its correctness.
An optional annotation expressing a belief about this assumption. Uses the JSON-LD-star @annotation mechanism to attach epistemic metadata (certainty and reasons) to any triple.
The belief held about the annotated statement.
A unique identifier for this object.
A unique identifier for this object.
The type discriminator for this object.
Specific value:"text"
Vertical span of the feature on the roll.
A unique identifier for this object.
A visible mark on the roll, such as a pencil mark, ink mark, or other non-textual annotation.
This can be used e.g. to indicate a perforation which is torn out or in any other way damaged.
IIIF region pointing to a depiction of this feature in the scan.
Horizontal span of the feature on the roll.
Vertical span of the feature on the roll.
A unique identifier for this object.
A piece of material (paper or tape) glued onto the roll surface. Glued-on features are typically used to cover perforations (for corrections) or to reinforce damaged areas. They may themselves carry other features such as writings or additional holes.
This can be used e.g. to indicate a perforation which is torn out or in any other way damaged.
An optional annotation expressing a belief about this assumption. Uses the JSON-LD-star @annotation mechanism to attach epistemic metadata (certainty and reasons) to any triple.
The belief held about the annotated statement.
A unique identifier for this object.
The kind of condition, from the list the roll or the kind of feature allows.
A free-text description of the condition, providing details beyond the type classification.
IIIF region pointing to a depiction of this feature in the scan.
A glued-on feature itself may carry other features. Nested features do not need to be positioned explicitly.
Each item of this array must be:
The union of all physical feature types that can appear on a roll: holes (perforations), writings (labels, annotations), marks (pencil, ink), and glued-on patches (paper, tape).
Same definition as copies_items_features_itemsThe union of all physical feature types that can appear on a roll: holes (perforations), writings (labels, annotations), marks (pencil, ink), and glued-on patches (paper, tape).
Same definition as copies_items_features_itemsHorizontal span of the feature on the roll.
The material of the glued-on feature.
Vertical span of the feature on the roll.
A unique identifier for this object.
The institution or person holding this copy.
Physical measurements of this roll copy, including dimensions, punch diameter, hole separation, margins, shift corrections, and information about the measuring software.
The physical dimensions of the roll.
The distance between adjacent tracker bar holes.
The margins on the treble and bass sides of the roll. Not exported to RDF.
The margin on the bass side.
The margin on the treble side.
The unit of measurement (e.g. 'px', 'mm').
Information about the software used to take the measurements.
The average diameter of punched holes.
The shift applied to align this copy with the others. Not exported to RDF.
Horizontal shift in millimeters (along the roll length).
Vertical shift in track numbers (across the tracker bar).
Relates this copy's scan to the tracker bar: how the scanning software's hole numbering was shifted onto the bar, and where the track grid sits in the image. Not exported to RDF.
Image column of the scanning software's track 0.
Distance between the centres of adjacent tracks.
Added to the scanning software's numbering to reach the tracker bar.
"px"
Each item of this array must be:
This type denotes identifiable activities that modified the roll copy after its production, e.g. annotations, repairs, etc.
Who carried out the modification.
An optional annotation expressing a belief about this assumption. Uses the JSON-LD-star @annotation mechanism to attach epistemic metadata (certainty and reasons) to any triple.
The belief held about the annotated statement.
A unique identifier for this object.
The role of the agent in the context of the edition.
Authority records for the same thing: GND, Wikidata, geonames or similar.
No Additional ItemsEach item of this array must be:
"https://d-nb.info/gnd/116888652"
A unique identifier for this object.
Each item of this array must be:
When the modification took place.
An optional annotation expressing a belief about this assumption. Uses the JSON-LD-star @annotation mechanism to attach epistemic metadata (certainty and reasons) to any triple.
The belief held about the annotated statement.
A unique identifier for this object.
The datatype of the value. Written on export so that RDF reads the value as a date rather than a string.
Specific value:"xsd:date"
The assumed value.
The type discriminator for this object.
Specific value:"Addition"
Usually, roll features are being added. Sometimes however, we may see traces of features that have been removed, e.g. through bright spots on the roll.
"delabeling"
Each item of this array must be:
The type discriminator for this object.
Specific value:"Removal"
A list of operations that have been applied to this copy's features (e.g. 'shifted', 'stretched') to normalize measurements for comparison with other copies. Not exported to RDF.
No Additional ItemsEach item of this array must be:
The production event that created this roll copy.
The company that produced the roll copy (e.g. "M. Welte & Söhne").
The paper the roll copy was cut on.
Authority records for the same thing: GND, Wikidata, geonames or similar.
No Additional ItemsEach item of this array must be:
"https://d-nb.info/gnd/116888652"
A unique identifier for this object.
A unique identifier for this object.
Information about the creation of this edition, including publisher and publication date.
The tolerance parameters used when collating (aligning) the different roll copies for this edition. Not exported to RDF.
Tolerance at the end position of a feature (in mm).
Tolerance at the start position of a feature (in mm).
The person or institution responsible for publishing the edition.
The license under which the edition is published.
"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
The roll which is edited in this edition.
The version of the roll which was created in the recording. Since it is usually not handed down, this is an optional property.
If no derivation is defined, it is assumed that this version represents the mother roll.
An optional annotation expressing a belief about this assumption. Uses the JSON-LD-star @annotation mechanism to attach epistemic metadata (certainty and reasons) to any triple.
The belief held about the annotated statement.
A unique identifier for this object.
A unique identifier for this object.
The list of edits that, applied to the base version, produce this version.
No Additional ItemsEach item of this array must be:
A set of edits transforms a version of a roll into another version. Edits insert or delete symbols, or both (= replace). Edits may be motivated by a given set of reasons, e.g. to add an additional accent or to correct an error. If an edit is the interpretation of a metamark, such as a pencil mark, this should be made explicit using a meaning comprehension on the @annotation field.
An optional annotation expressing a belief about this assumption. Uses the JSON-LD-star @annotation mechanism to attach epistemic metadata (certainty and reasons) to any triple.
The belief held about the annotated statement.
A unique identifier for this object.
References (by @id) to the symbols to be deleted by this edit.
Each item of this array must be:
The type of editorial change (e.g. 'correct-error', 'additional-accent').
The symbols to be inserted by this edit.
No Additional ItemsEach item of this array must be:
A symbol can be either a note, an expression, or a text. Notes and expressions are perforations; texts are carried by writings.
A note symbol, representing a single pitched musical event on the roll. The pitch is encoded via the tracker bar position (track number).
In piano rolls, perforations are often aligned with other perforations, e.g. a "crescendo off" might be logically aligned to the start of a note perforation. This points to the perforation by its @id.
References to the physical features (e.g. holes) on the roll copies that carry this symbol. Since the association might be debatable, it can be annotated. There might be e.g. doubts about the meaning and correct transcription of a feature on a physical roll. This points to a feature by its @id.
Each item of this array must be:
A reference assumption wraps a reference (by @id) with an optional annotation. Used when pointing to another entity whose association may be uncertain.
The perforation this one forms a pair with, e.g. a "forzando on" with its "forzando off". Any two perforations may be paired. The distance between the two is fixed: whatever displaces the one displaces the other. The relation is symmetric and is stated on one side only. This points to the perforation by its @id.
A unique identifier for this object.
The type discriminator for this object.
Specific value:"note"
An expression symbol, representing a perforation on the roll that governs dynamics, pedaling, or mechanical functions of the reproducing piano. Each expression has a scope (bass or treble) and a specific expression type.
In piano rolls, perforations are often aligned with other perforations, e.g. a "crescendo off" might be logically aligned to the start of a note perforation. This points to the perforation by its @id.
References to the physical features (e.g. holes) on the roll copies that carry this symbol. Since the association might be debatable, it can be annotated. There might be e.g. doubts about the meaning and correct transcription of a feature on a physical roll. This points to a feature by its @id.
Each item of this array must be:
A reference assumption wraps a reference (by @id) with an optional annotation. Used when pointing to another entity whose association may be uncertain.
The command the perforation gives, named as the reproducing system of the roll names it: "SustainPedalOn", "ForzandoOff" and so on for the Welte-Mignon T-100. The tracker bar of the system lists the values it reads.
The perforation this one forms a pair with, e.g. a "forzando on" with its "forzando off". Any two perforations may be paired. The distance between the two is fixed: whatever displaces the one displaces the other. The relation is symmetric and is stated on one side only. This points to the perforation by its @id.
Whether this expression applies to the bass or treble register.
A unique identifier for this object.
The type discriminator for this object.
Specific value:"expression"
A textual symbol, e.g. a label or annotation found on the roll.
References to the physical features (e.g. holes) on the roll copies that carry this symbol. Since the association might be debatable, it can be annotated. There might be e.g. doubts about the meaning and correct transcription of a feature on a physical roll. This points to a feature by its @id.
Each item of this array must be:
A reference assumption wraps a reference (by @id) with an optional annotation. Used when pointing to another entity whose association may be uncertain.
A unique identifier for this object.
The type discriminator for this object.
Specific value:"text"
A textual description of the motivation for this edit, referencing a motivation defined in the version's motivations list.
A unique identifier for this object.
The type discriminator for this object.
Specific value:"edit"
A collection of motivations used in this version's edits.
No Additional ItemsEach item of this array must be:
A motivation provides a reason or rationale for an editorial change. Motivations are defined at the version level and referenced by edits.
A unique identifier for this object.
Whether the version served as a master for reproductions or exists on one copy only.
A unique identifier for this object.
The recording date of the roll. This is a date assignment so that we can state e.g. the catalogue or the roll label which indicates the date of the recording.
Same definition as dateThe place where the recording took place.
Authority records for the same thing: GND, Wikidata, geonames or similar.
No Additional ItemsEach item of this array must be:
"https://d-nb.info/gnd/116888652"
Documents the performance which was recorded.
The pianist who gave the recorded performance.
The reproducing system the roll was cut for. A system the type vocabulary knows carries the IRI of its concept as id, from which the export takes the system's own context, so that the expression types are read as that system's.
An optional tempo adjustment for playback of the roll, annotatable with a belief about its correctness.
An optional annotation expressing a belief about this assumption. Uses the JSON-LD-star @annotation mechanism to attach epistemic metadata (certainty and reasons) to any triple.
The belief held about the annotated statement.
A unique identifier for this object.
The title of the edition.
"Alfred Grünfeld spielt Robert Schumann, Träumerei"
The different versions of the roll on which this edition is based.
Each item of this array must be:
A version is defined by the sum of edits applied to the version it is based on. For simple identification, a siglum is given to each version.